Public education reform: Community or national funding of education Essay

Soares presents an article that draws on a political economy model of public funding as a tool to assess the education implications of moving from a community-to nation-wide funding policy. His intention is to widen the source for the finance of education that will redistribute funds both at the intra-generational and inter-generational levels. Previous literature has focused on the intra-generational redistribution effects of going from a local to state funded approach. Instead, Soares suggests a model of education reform that would see funding include the social security system and would allow factor prices to vary. Such flexibility would benefit welfare effects to students by enlarging the funding net in the form of a nation-wide system. Significant welfare gains that would occur with a nation-wide system are supported by other research (Soares, 2006; Wasser & Picken, 1996). Soares also reflects on his previous writings on the important roles of altruism and self-interest in influencing the political decisions of public education policy. He points to the inter-relationship of three main factors in determining how policy will be formed; altruism; the impact of public funding of education of the social security system; and the impact of these factors on factor prices. In conclusion, Soares article depicts a critical issue in education reform that has been ongoing for many years: How to source optimal continual funding for education that does not detract from the welfare of the wider population? He provides a viable alternative to funding. At present most States provide fewer dollars to minority and low-income students. A nation-wide funding policy would ensure that the funding gaps which exist across schools in the USA would be narrowed, providing equality of access to learning opportunities and resources. This would align with the recent No Child Left Behind Act of 2001.

Macbeth William Shakespeare Essay

(i) â€Å"Shakespeare’s Macbeth invites us to look into the world of a man driven on by ruthless ambition and tortured by regret.† Write a response to this view of the play, Macbeth, supporting the points you make by reference to the text. Mark ex 60 by reference to the criteria for assessment using the following breakdown of marks. P18 C18 L 18 M 6 60 marks A+ B C D E- 100% 60 – 51 42 33 24 23 – 0 30% 18 – 16 13 10 8 7 – 0 10% 6 – 5 4 3 3 2 – 0 Expect candidates to respond by treating of both ambition and regret, though not necessarily equally. Allow that candidates may view Macbeth as a man â€Å"driven on† by the ambitions of others in his world, e.g. Lady Macbeth, Malcolm, Banquo, and so on. Expect the focus of discussion, in such cases, to centre on the impact that the ambitions of others make upon Macbeth. Code A for ‘ambition’, R for ‘regret’, and A/R for points combining the two. Possible points: Ambition: – his eager response to the witches – the killing of Duncan and Banquo – his obsession with ‘vaulting ambition’ – he embarks on a tyrannical rule, determined to hold on to power – Lady Macbeth, however, questions his capacity to be ruthless – his soliloquies repeatedly qualify the ruthlessness of his character Etc. Regret: – Macbeth wrestles with his conscience – he is plagued by visions of his evil deeds and their consequences – following the murder of Duncan he is incoherent and tormented – he is haunted by the realisation that he has achieved a ‘fruitless crown’ and a ‘barren sceptre’ – his mind is ‘full of scorpions’ – for him life becomes progressively more empty and worthless Etc.

Safety Net In Storytelling Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Safety Net In Storytelling - Essay Example With my enthusiasm to please my audience, I always want to convey the story as exciting and thrilling as I want yet I struggle with the fact that my delivery gets boring at some point. I am always disappointed with the sight of my listeners drowsy and uninterested. With all these fears and weaknesses, I find the article about safety net very helpful. It reminds me that most of my worries are also faced by almost all people and that there are certain ways to overcome them. My dilemma of mental block and forgetfulness when it comes to delivering a story is addressed by the article. I intend to put what I have learned in practice by avoiding my tendency of announcing that I actually forgot what happens next. When faced with forgetfulness, I have had developed the habit of apologizing about my forgetfulness. I have to still show confidence in myself, showing the audience that I am still in control in spite of the embarrassing situation through the other various techniques described. The struggle of keeping the storyline exciting at all times can be remedied by not promising to tell the story to the audience but announcing that I will be telling a story. I also think that allowing the audience to participate in boring scenes by asking their ideas will get the boredom out of them and at least keep them awake. Also, I believe that having a personal interest in what I am talking about will not only enable me to remember everything but will also make every single scene and part exciting.

The impact of E-business on information management in the Essay

The impact of E-business on information management in the telecommunications industry - Essay Example These developments raise a number of new challenges for information management. This research proposal seeks to identify recent trends in the telecommunications industry with a focus group being the mobile device and networks of major companies such as Motorola, Nokia and Sprint based on their United Kingdom business activities. The research will also seek to interview at least three telecommunications industry workers to gauge the relationship between perceptions within the industry's e-commerce and statistical evidence derived from historical data research. This paper will analyse several recent business and technological trends in the information communication technology industry and their consequences for performance analysis, using mobile communication businesses as the test group. The fundamental reason for choosing this topic is that having searched literature I found that very few works have been conducted concerning the impact of information management and E-business within the telecommunications industry in U.K. Since most of the studies have been focusing the International market. This fact has encouraged me to do this piece of work in order to contribute to the existing knowledge about this subject by adding a new point of view. Last two decades have seen multi-fold progress in the use of Internet (USIC and IITA, 2000). Nua Internet Surveys have reported an increment in the number of Internet users globally, statistics state the users are increased in all regions of the world from 171 million in 1999 to 304 million in March 2000, an increase of 78 percent (USIC and IITA, 2000). The accessibility of the consumers to different products and services has also been increased. In order to respond to the changing needs of the customers businesses are also applying new techniques to capture a vast market, (Ram et. al., 1999). In a paper Entrust (2001) has mentioned following trends, which are transforming the Telecommunication industry all over the world: "The evolution of digital technology is enabling the convergence of all forms of information - email, video, audio, graphics and text - that must be communicated. The Internet has become a key communications medium and it has facilitated society's evolution as a global

Organisational Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 3

Organisational Analysis - Essay Example She meets with an accident, after which she asks Ed Masry, a lawyer to sue the person who hit her. Ed promises her to win the case, but as the only evidence is that of the testimony of Erin herself, the twice-divorced, unemployed single mother stands no chance against a socially respected doctor. In her desperation to find a job, she accuses Ed Masry of failing her and forces him to give a clerk’s job in his own office. Though she lacks the necessary skills and prior experience, she goes about picking her way through the job. While filing papers one day, she comes across a real estate case in Hinkley. What grabs her attention is the fact that there are medical records of the Jensens family amidst the various real estate papers. Taking the permission from Ed to dig further, she goes to Hinkley to meet the family. Her investigations unfold a large conspiracy by the billion dollar company PG&E. The company has been knowingly polluting the area around Hinkley by leaking a toxic chemical called Hexavalent Chromium into the underground water, which causes serious ailments like Cancer. To cover this up, the company had offered to buy the land around Hinkley, thereby resulting in the real estate case of Jensens. It soon becomes apparent to Erin that not just their client, but most of Hinkley’s residents are being affected by Hexavalent Chromium in one way or the other. Erin goes on to persuade Ed and the rest of the neighborhood to take on the mighty corporation through a legal suit. Her determined fight to win the â€Å"largest settlement ever paid in a direct-action lawsuit†, forms the rest of the story. (Litoff 2011). Although the protagonist is not a typical employee nor does the story evolve around a big time organization, it is a story that is based on reality and has all the elements of an organizational life – individual goals and aspirations, social, cultural

Written response; What is the purpose of Mama's retelling of familiar Essay

Written response; What is the purpose of Mama's retelling of familiar stories, specially the cuentos, during afternoon coffes - Essay Example Cofer shares the significance of Mama to her in these words, â€Å"I saw her as my liberator and my model. Her stories were parables from which to glean the Truth† (Cofer 69). The characters in Mama’s stories might be fake, but they were knit into stories that depicted the realities of life. The girls were in the age of adolescence and thus, in a state of transition from childhood to adulthood. They needed an interesting way of being informed of the challenges lying ahead in their lives, and Mama’s cuentos exactly addressed that concern. Cofer shares how she would reflect upon Mama’s stories together with Sara to draw conclusions from them in these words, â€Å"Sara and I discussed everything we heard the women say, trying to fit it all together like a puzzle that, once assembled, would reveal life’s mysteries to us† (Cofer 70). Mama’s house was a very suitable place for the cuentos to be narrated in as there was no intrusion of any sort from men in there; â€Å"Then Mama’s house belonged only to us women†¦and the women telling their lives in cuentos are forever woven into the fabric of my imagination, braided like my hair that day I felt my grandmother’s hands teaching me about strength, her voice convincing me of the power of storytelling† (Cofer 70). The stories Mama narrated depicted, in one way or another, realities of the lives of her own daughters. Storytelling not only provided Mama with a unique and interesting way of developing a strong connection and understanding with the young grand-daughters, but also of raising them into well-educated, civilized, and decent girls who would not trust the love of men until they signed the contract of marriage with them. Mama’s stories had lessons hidden in them. Giving those stories deep thoughts would lead Cofer to the realization that a woman loses to nothing and nobody but her own self by letting herself fall into love; â€Å"We understood that neither the name nor any of the facts were

The Aviator Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Aviator - Movie Review Example This article is a review of the movie looking into the themes, character, style and narratives. The information presented in this article is obtained from both primary and secondary sources. The primary source is through watching the films and trying it analyze the characters and finding out the themes. The secondary sources are the reviews that have been conducted by various authors on the movie. Different reviewers have given their views on the style and the representation of characters in the film. These sources were used to get the plot of the story and style used. The narrative style together with other techniques of film making is explored. The characters were then analyzed against each other (Marrett, 195). The different themes are then explored and the role each character played in the realization of these themes discussed. The movie starts when Hunges is a young boy where his mother tells him to take caution not to get a flue. Then in the year 1927, Hunges inherits his family fortune in California. He uses this fortune to design oil drilling bits a venture that made him a billionaire. Later when he was 22, he decided to invest in the film industry an area where he had a huge interest in. His first film was the silent Hells Angel which he works very hard to ensure that it turns out perfectly. His next film had some talking and was called The Jazz Singer. During this time, he also produced a sound version of the Hells Angel which became a major Hollywood hit. This was a key to entry into the Hollywood social network and he dated two Hollywood stars Jean Harlow and Katharine Hepburn. However, he did not quite fit into Hollywood and he decided to go back to designing aircrafts. He made new design and even risked his life trying out new aircrafts and flying around the globe. He even got into an accident ov er Beverly Hills when taking XF-11 for a test flight. He got major injuries that

Stock photography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Stock photography - Essay Example Stock photography in this case becomes highly cost effective and of great use at the right time. Moreover, hiring and explaining while training the photographer as to what the company actually needs out of his work takes a lot of time and still cannot assure the desired results. Therefore in order to minimize the risk of getting the wrong outcomes, most of the companies go for stock photography (Highton, 244). The use of stock photography is most commonly found in the advertising, design or such related agencies which have more of a creative and artistic work to do. Although this type of photography seems easy but it has some serious criterion related to it. Such photographers always have to keep on following certain criteria so that their images can match up to the standards which most of the reputed and well established companies desire (Gross, 185). This type of photography is best utilized by those companies which are purely involved in their core business and can hardly manage these advertising and promotional aspects on their own.Stock photography is of great value both to the photographer as well as the employer as it mutually benefits both parties not only in financial terms but also in terms of saving valuable time of both parties. The success of stock photography entirely depends upon the effectiveness and efficiency of the photographer. If the portfolio of his or her pictures is diverse and caters almost everything that can match the needs of his target clients, then it would definitely get him a huge business. Similarly, he would not be in need of updating the portfolio of new pictures every now and then. The trend of the stock photography started a long time back, nearly in the nineteen twenties. But now the things have changed drastically. It has not just been limited to photography but a number of agencies have been established

Media Reaction Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Media Reaction Paper - Essay Example The article begins by citing the incident of the attempted robbery of a local video store, and how two of the children had been retained in police custody, while the third, the nine years old, was returned to his parents. Additionally, the article quoted the City of Charleston Councilman’s reaction to a string of robberies which occurred during the month of September in an upscale neighborhood east of Charleston. The article was so inflammatory until it was imperative that the author draws parallels. The underlying thrust of the piece had very strong negative overtones, there was no explicit mention of race. Nonetheless, as the locations were mentioned, it was obvious that race was being put on trial. In mentioning the residential locations of both groups, the city councilman was implying that he had a zero tolerance for juvenile crime. However, in my mind's eye, it was calculated positioning, to avoid admonishment or being labeled as a racist. While he made value judgments an d cast aspersions upon the character of American parents, he did not follow in kind with the parents from east of Charleston. This article was minus a reasonable base and exhibited a lack of respect for diversity. The City Councilman was expressing his outrage concerning the recent crime wave and he felt the most appropriate manner to address these types of negative behavior would be to sterilize the parents. Obviously his response borders on genocide. He would prefer to eliminate a race of people and forever remove this aspect of diversity. ... Additionally, the article quoted the City of Charleston Councilman's reaction to a string of robberies which occurred during the month of September in an up-scale neighborhood east of Charleston. The article was so inflammatory until it was imperative that the author draw parallels. Albeit, the underlying thrust of the piece had very strong negative overtones, there was no explicit mention of race. Nonetheless, as the locations were mentioned, it was obvious that race was being put on trial. In mentioning the residential locations of both groups, the city councilman was implying that he had a zero tolerance for juvenile crime. However, in my minds eye, it was calculated positioning, to avoid admonishment or being labeled as a racist. While he made value judgments and cast aspersions upon the character of African American parents, he did not follow in kind with the parents from east of Charleston. This article was minus a reasonable base and exhibited a lack of respect for diversity. The City Councilman was expressing his outrage concerning the recent crime wave and he felt the most appropriate manner to address these types of negative behavior would be to sterilize the parents.. Obviously his response borders on genocide. He would prefer to eliminate a race of people and forever remove this aspect of diversity from the American landscape. The article exhibits a wanton disregard and an absence of sensitivity towards human nature in general and diversity in particular. To what extent do the media rely on stereotypes when depicting a certain group The media ostensibly exists to serve a public good; to present an unbiased and accurate

The Life of Alexander the Great Essay Example for Free

The Life of Alexander the Great Essay At the age of twenty years old, Alexanders reign of the Macedonian throne began in 336 B.C. following the death of his father, Philip II. Olympias, Alexanders mom, was thought to have assassinated her own husband so that the throne would be prepared for her son. When Alexander became King, he wanted to do great things so that everyone would know that he is King. From the beginning of his reign, he always had a passion for fighting and winning wars. He also noticed that he had many enemies and conspirators and to immediately get them out of the way, he had them all executed. In 335 B.C. he destroyed Thebes, located in upper Egypt, for rebelling against him. In the following year, Alexander had the most amazing military campaign by guiding an army consisting of Greeks and Macedonians fighting against the Persian empire with the goal of taking revenge on Greece in order top fulfill his fathers dream. Throughout his lifetime, he accomplished many things, had incredible defeats, and conquered many countries. By this, he earned his title of the great and was most excellently admired for it. His people saw him as an outstanding motivator, leading men into dangerous, unknown regions, earning much respect and inspiring countless soldiers. Alexander didnt much care about his own safety yet placed all of his concern straight on the goal and the ways in which he would complete it. When in battle, he would like to show his equality between him and his soldiers by riding his war horse on the enemys front line, experiencing the same risks and threats as they were. People started urging him to get married and have a child to carry on his great title but he was too busy with his conquests. He had much hope and faith in his troops and thought out his plans well for only the greatest of successes. He was the ideal of male Greek culture. (pg. 130) Seen as a great hero, he helped his troops along to continuous triumphs. When visiting Gordion in Anatolia, he was given the opportunity to be rewarded the lordship of Asia if only he could make loose an unmoving knot binding the yoke of a chariot. Leaving everyone in awe, he sliced the tough knot with a quick slice of his sword. His never failing most high reputation  among the people never failed and the empire continued to grow. He kept a very close eye on the latest technology and techniques in order to keep up with his war successes. Alexanders unique fighting styles made enemies doubt themselves and their abilities to stand strong against him. He always had his plans all laid out and precise and after conquering Egypt and Persia, his strategy showed to be this : establish colonies of Greeks and Macedonians in conquered territory and keep the traditional administrative system in place. (pg. 131) Alexander began his journey of the founding of new cities by naming the first Alexandria after himself, located in Egypt. His maintaining passion for capture and exploration ruled so greatly in his life that his next goal would be to travel to India. Alexandria the Furthest was established on the way and he ended up settling for an alliance sealed by a marriage to the Bactrian princess Roxanne. (pg. 131) Voyaging into India, seventy days of marching through stormy weather led to the disappearance of the soldiers will to win. In 326 B.C., located on the banks of the Hyphasis River, they forced Alexander to turn back. Finally returning back to Persia, he started on the plans of his next attack without delay. His next target would be the Arabian peninsula followed by all of North Africa. Ruling over the Greeks became less important to him and he decided to restore citizenship within the city-states and he made the declaration that he wanted to be honored as if he were a god. Feeling astonished by this peculiar request, the other leaders complied by sending religious gifts showing their respect. Alexander thought so highly of himself because of all of his great and praiseworthy actions , that he started to believe that he was actually the son of Zeus. He felt that he showed to have godlike power therefore he must be as he proclaims he is. On the somber day of June 10, 323 B.C. , the young Alexander passed away due to extreme drinking and high fever. His future plans were ended by his sudden death not too long after the death of his best friend, Hephaistion . Following Alexanders death, a child was born to him and Roxanne. Despite his short reign, he greatly impacted and benefited the future for geography and many other scientific fields. Altogether, Alexander III immensely  extended the influence of Greek civilization and arranged the way for the empire of the Hellenistic period and the annexation of the Roman Empire.

Are Terrorism And Globalization Linked Politics Essay

Are Terrorism And Globalization Linked Politics Essay While a precise definition of the term has yet to be established, many of the currently employed definitions use similar concepts. The University of Colorado at Boulder (2002) describes the global economy as one in which the main international players are corporations and lacking a structure tied to national boundaries. Refusing to assign a specific definition to the term, the World Bank (2000) describes it primarily as  ¿Ã‚ ½the observation that in recent years a quickly rising share of economic activity in the world seems to be taking place between people who live in different countries, ¿Ã‚ ½ or, more simply, an increase in international economic activities. The Center for Strategic International Studies (2002) attempts to precisely define globalization, calling it  ¿Ã‚ ½a process of interaction and integration among the people, companies, and governments of different nations, a process driven by international trade and investment and aided by information technology. ¿Ã‚ ½ The International Monetary Fund (2000) offers the broadest summary of globalization, referring to it as  ¿Ã‚ ½the increasing integration of economies around the world, particularly through trade and financial flows, ¿Ã‚ ½ adding,  ¿Ã‚ ½The term sometimes also refers to the movement of people (labor) and knowledge (technology) across international borders. There are also broader cultural, political and environmental dimensions of globalization. ¿Ã‚ ½ Globalization is  ¿Ã‚ ½the increased mobility of goods, services, labour, technology and capital throughout the world, ¿Ã‚ ½ according to the Government of Canada (2005). Rainer Tetzlaff (1998) writes that globalization encompasses many aspects, including increasing international transactions, new communications technologies, an increasing complex division of labor and goods distribution, quick turnover of concepts and consumer patterns, and a significant increase in transnational institutions and political movements. Globa lization is  ¿Ã‚ ½a process of growing interdependence between all people of this planet, ¿Ã‚ ½ according to the International Labour Organization (1996) and mentions economical interdependence. Even the cynical Progressive Living organization (2001) talks about globalization from an economic standpoint, calling it  ¿Ã‚ ½a process, well underway, which trends toward the undermining of national sovereignty, and therefore citizen ¿Ã‚ ½s [sic] rights, in favor of the economic interests of gigantic transnational corporations. ¿Ã‚ ½ All of these definitions of the term agree on the economic aspect of globalization. The process began as one of increasingly international business dealings. However, it is ignorant to not consider other aspects of globalization. A good definition for it is an economically-driven process of business which also makes ideas, cultural behaviors, technologies, and politics global concepts and lead to greater interaction among previously separated groups and/or nations. It seems that this is the most succinct and precise the definition of globalization can be without ignoring many important aspects of it as some of the previously mentioned definitions do. Globalization and Terrorism In recent years, the world has seen many terrorist attacks or attempted attacks in locations other than where the terrorist(s) originated from. Notably, the majority of these attacks involved Muslim extremist groups. A Madrid train was bombed, as was a London subway. United States embassies in African nations were attacked. Airplanes were hijacked and flown into the World Trade Center in New York. Australia narrowly avoided a terrorist attack. In each of these cases, the terrorists did not come from the country that was targeted. When the media covers the fight against terrorists, people often hear that a government is doing something to stop them without sending any military personnel somewhere in response. Instead, financial assets are frozen to slow terrorists. Terrorist websites may be taken offline. Group cells may be discovered within a targeted country and be shut down by local, state, and/or federal law enforcement officers. Considering what is known about globalization and the current situation of international terrorist activity, one could draw a correlation between globalization and terrorism. It certainly seems that the two are connected. In a speech at the World Media Conference, John O ¿Ã‚ ½Sullivan (2004) identified four components of what he called the  ¿Ã‚ ½world crisis: ¿Ã‚ ½ globalization itself, the mass migration of people over frontiers and the consequent spread of ethnic diasporas, the increased power of religion over secular philosophies, and the extension of the powers and influence of transnational organizations. Are globalization and terrorism linked in any way(s)? If so, how are they linked? By answering these questions, it may be possible to see if globalization causes international terrorism, if international terrorism is simply an unfortunate side effect of globalization or some of its aspects, or if no link exists between the two. Globalization Facilitating Terrorism Some aspects of globalization facilitate terrorism. At its basest meaning, globalization means internationalization. Something is taken from a national setting and projected across the world. Certain nations adopt this, others reject it. When most nations do accept it and adopt it, globalization is taking place. Cronin (2002) suggests that terrorism cemented itself as an international phenomenon in the 1970s and 1980s,  ¿Ã‚ ½evolving in part ¿Ã‚ ½ in reaction to the dramatic explosion of international media influence. ¿Ã‚ ½ At this point in time, news media was truly becoming international in scope. Many broadcasting companies maintained correspondents or sister stations in other nations, sharing information back and forth. This would lead to the first visions of terrorism for many peoples who had never seen it. Presently, the media can be responsible for perpetuating the climate of international terror.  ¿Ã‚ ½For example, there may no longer be ¿Ã‚ ½ a globally organised terror network, but ¿Ã‚ ½ the media have globalised our perception of terror ¿Ã‚ ½ (Gray, 2005). Another aspect to this concept is that the media can be used by terrorists for their purposes. Campbell (2001) reminds his readers Osama bin Laden released his now-infamous recorded statements using instruments of globalization. Many have seen video of bin Laden on American media outlets even though it was originally released to regional network Al-Jazeera. International media certainly is not the main byproduct that facilitates terror. Perhaps the main facilitator stemming from globalization is communications technologies. There are many devices taken for granted in Western society that changed the way terrorists operate, especially digital communications device. Clansmen fighting Americans in Somalia in the early 1990s used digital phones that could not be tapped (Carmody, 2005). The internet, mobile phones, and instant messaging have given many terrorist groups a truly global reach. Leading up to the September 11 attacks, al-Qaeda operatives used Yahoo e-mail, while the presumed leader made reservations online and other members researched topics such as using crop dusters to release chemical agents (Cronin, 2002). Perhaps even more troubling is that these technologies can be used to disperse terrorists to different locations yet stay connected. Cells can stay in touch through internet communications while websites spread ideologies ( Cronin, 2002). It is estimated that al-Qaeda operates in over sixty countries now as a result of using technologies inspired by globalization (Campbell, 2001). According to Campbell (2001), many things sophisticated Western societies have adopted to become more efficient are leaving them more vulnerable to attacks. This includes policies of free trade, relaxed immigration policies, and streamlined border crossing policies. Rojecki (2005) claims the  ¿Ã‚ ½transportation infrastructures that had been credited by some ¿Ã‚ ½ had been used by terrorists. ¿Ã‚ ½ This includes both national and international travel systems. Even financial systems created to make international business simpler can be used for terror instead. Cronin (2002) points out that the fluid movement of financial resources can help terrorists, citing the United States ¿Ã‚ ½ invasion as an example. While the allied forces closed in on the Taliban, money collected by small businessmen was moved across the border by operatives and transferred through an informal banking system to the United Arab Emirates. From there, it became gold bullion and was sent around the world before it could be seized. More concerning is the way organizations are beginning to gather funds to operate. There are many groups with global financing networks, most of them recognized as foreign terrorist organizations. Their sources include nonprofit organizations and charities (whose donors may or may not be aware of their monies ¿Ã‚ ½ use), companies which send revenue to illegal activities, illegal enterprises, and websites set up for donations.  ¿Ã‚ ½The terrorist attacks showed that political globalization is as powerful a phenomenon as the globalization of the economy ¿Ã‚ ½ (Na ¿Ã‚ ½m, 2002). To deal with ever-increasing international relations, many organizations were set up, including the United Nations, the North American Treaty Organizations, the Organization of American States, and so on. In these forums, many people can come together to share ideas. At the same time, similar forums provide a hub for ideas and processes of coordination and cooperation used by terrorists. It is apparent that many things inspired to grow or be created by globalization have unexpectedly been used to facilitate terrorist operations. The international media has made the world much more aware of their aims and activities. Communications technologies have been used to frustrate opposition forces ore ease operations within terrorist groups. Modern conveniences and economic policies have even been known to facilitate terror in some way. International financial systems can help terrorists hide their assets or gather funds. Political globalization can help terrorists meet and share ideas and procedures. It is not a stretch to claim that there are many aspects of globalization that have unfortunately been used to help terrorists. Does Globalization Cause Terrorism? Although a peripheral link between globalization and terrorism has been established, it does not answer a simpler question. Does globalization cause international terrorism? Haydar Bas is quoted by Kuru (2005) as saying,  ¿Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Globalization is a concept originating from the West which has became [sic] a fa ¿Ã‚ ½ade to adamantly impose particular ideas on underdeveloped countries, such as the claim that the borders are removed and nations are cooperating by ignoring their economic, cultural, and civilizational differences. ¿Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ There are a few hypotheses in support of the idea. These hypotheses fall into four main categories: cultural differences, economic disparity, political frustration, and clashing market systems. There are also claims that globalization and international terrorism are not linked at all. Foreign Policy (2005) found  ¿Ã‚ ½little correlation between a country ¿Ã‚ ½s level of global integration and the number of significant international te rrorist attacks on its soil. ¿Ã‚ ½ It even claims globalization may help countries combat terrorism. However, this study solely looks at numbers; the question to be answered here cannot rely solely on quantitative data. Cultural differences introduced by globalization are thought of as the main cause of international terrorism. If the hypothesis is true that cultural differences cause international terrorism, then it can certainly be said that globalization indirectly causes terrorism. Cronin (2002) states,  ¿Ã‚ ½Foreign intrusions and growing awareness of shrinking global space have created incentives to use the ideal asymmetrical weapon, terrorism, for more ambitious purposes. ¿Ã‚ ½ She also says indigenous peoples blame the perceived corruption of their customs, religions, and languages on an international system American behavior unconsciously molds. The CQ Researcher (2001) mentions cultural differences as a source of conflict many times. Conservative societies are offended by the media image of the United States. There may not be enough solid evidence of cultural differences inciting terrorism though. Campbell (2001) writes,  ¿Ã‚ ½Debates within [the Middle East] center only in the most trivial way on Western  ¿Ã‚ ½contamination, ¿Ã‚ ½ such as by pop music and video games, of their cultures. ¿Ã‚ ½ Rojecki (2005) even says the Huntington hypothesis (culture as the major source of anti-globalization)  ¿Ã‚ ½receives comparatively little support in [the media], perhaps because of the Bush administration ¿Ã‚ ½s strenuous efforts to divide ¿Ã‚ ½ al-Qaeda from Islam in general. ¿Ã‚ ½ It seems that cultural hypotheses for international terrorism lack solid support and are only popular because they take into account the most obvious differences between the West and Middle East. Economic disparity is another source of hypotheses concerning globalization and international terrorism. The recent invasion of Iraq portrays an  ¿Ã‚ ½image of the West as an enlightened but militarized and muscular liberator, ¿Ã‚ ½ and  ¿Ã‚ ½recoups the reality of the global North as ¿Ã‚ ½ a site of mass consumption in a world of horrifying need ¿Ã‚ ½ (Barkawi, 2004). The CQ Researcher (2001) also explores economic disparity as a source of terrorism.  ¿Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½With globalization, people tend to compare themselves with bigger and bigger groups, and if you ¿Ã‚ ½re in a poor village in Egypt what you see in U.S. television sitcoms are people with a lot of money, ¿Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ David Byman is quoted. However, economic disparity alone does not seem like it would inspire international terrorism, no matter how well-off Western nations are compared to the rest of the world. There are plenty of nations that are as bad as or worse-off than the Middle East that do not engage in international terrorist activity. That point alone discredits the economic disparity hypothesis. The category of political frustration has two different theories concerning globalization and terrorism. The first theory, presented by Kuru (2005), claims,  ¿Ã‚ ½Globalization challenges a specific type of state, one that aims to homogenize its citizens through sociocultural policies. ¿Ã‚ ½ This is true of the Middle East and untrue of Western nations. Western nations, being mainly democratic, do not attempt to lump their citizens together as one; rather, a great deal of diversity is present in them. In the Middle East, internal strife is intense, as one group of leaders tries to claim power and keep all people under its law. It does not seem that this challenge should concern leaders very much, considering they constantly struggle against internal opponents. It seems the leader could simply ban access to any international influence. The other type of theory in this category is blaming the West for internal strife. Most of the time, this involves Western nations interfering and installing unfit leaders. As far as politics are concerned, Rojecki (2005), states,  ¿Ã‚ ½Globalization is a cover for reinforcing American dominance with the UN as a fig leaf ¿Ã‚ ½ the United States is said to support corrupt regimes that routinely violate human rights. ¿Ã‚ ½ Carmody (2005) agrees with this idea, saying,  ¿Ã‚ ½Support for repressive governments ¿Ã‚ ½ are likely to prove unstable as [it generates]  ¿Ã‚ ½blowback, ¿Ã‚ ½ unintended negative consequences. ¿Ã‚ ½ History has seen Western installation of repressive regimes throughout the world, so this point has more bearing than the former. Despite any Western nations ¿Ã‚ ½ actions to install ineffective governments, it seems the affected nations are no better at helping themselves. The CQ Researcher (2001) points out,  ¿Ã‚ ½The Muslim world never underwent a movement like the 18th-century Enlightenment in the West, which hastened the demise of religious influence in government. ¿Ã‚ ½ Considering the tendency of the region to reject secular government, it seems the best government to be installed, if secular, would be rejected. Western nations, wary of Islamic terror, cannot be blamed for avoiding the installation of Islamic governments. The final type of hypothesis considers clashing markets, a concept that has not been considered enough. Mousseau (2002) pins the problem of international terrorism solely on this aspect of globalization, stating,  ¿Ã‚ ½In this mixed economy, the clash of clientalist and market cultures can lead to illiberal and unstable democracy, military dictatorship, state failure, sectarian violence, or some combination thereof. ¿Ã‚ ½ It seems that this scenario could lead to the conditions Carmody (2005) claims are responsible for providing opportunity for transnational terrorism,  ¿Ã‚ ½Islamic fundamentalism ¿Ã‚ ½  ¿Ã‚ ½failed states, ¿Ã‚ ½ and the lack of effective territorial control. ¿Ã‚ ½ Clientalist societies and market societies are naturally clashing entities. To summarize, clientalist societies see cooperation as the exchange of gifts, base trust on life-long friendships within small, approved groups, and are very hierarchical. Middle Eastern nations are clientalist societ ies. Market societies place less emphasis on small, approved group loyalty and encourage cooperation with new groups and base loyalty on an agreed-upon sanctity of contracts. Western nations are market societies.  ¿Ã‚ ½From the clientalist perspective, however, those with market values are from out-groups and thus are untrustworthy. Moreover, by expressing self-interest, individuals with market values ¿Ã‚ ½ appear to have no culture and are seemingly interested in little beyond the crude pursuit of material gain ¿Ã‚ ½ (Mousseau, 2002). When this concept is paired with the fact that when people in developing countries see the breakdown of traditional relationships and the surfacing of zero-sum anarchy, they relate them to growing Westernization of their societies, it is not difficult to see that there is potential in this hypothesis. There are two more factors within clientalist societies that contribute to international terrorism. First, privileged persons often emerge as terrorist leaders because they have the most to lose from globalization. They exploit the hierarchical structure and gather many patrons from the economically lowest parts of society. To keep their patrons ¿Ã‚ ½ loya lty, leaders must demonstrate strength. Second, in this society ¿Ã‚ ½s perspective, individuals are responsible for the actions of the entire group. Therefore, terrorist attacks that kill innocent people are justified because leaders are showing strength by killing guilty people (Mousseau, 2002). The hypothesis of clashing market systems is the best explanation for international terrorism. It does need to be further researched and tested to confirm its plausibility, but it definitely seems to be the most rational explanation for international terrorism. Mousseau (2002) sums up his hypothesis by saying,  ¿Ã‚ ½The underlying cause of terror: the deeply embedded anti-market rage brought on by the forces of globalization. ¿Ã‚ ½ Conclusion Globalization is an economically-driven process of business which also makes ideas, cultural behaviors, technologies, and politics global concepts and lead to greater interaction among previously separated groups and/or nations. Recent terrorist attacks and attempted attacks have raised the question: Are globalization and international terrorism connected? There are aspects to globalization that have inadvertently facilitated the rise of international terrorism. International media, communications technologies, conveniences, and international finances have facilitated terrorism on a global scale. The more important question is: Does globalization cause terrorism? The answer to that is unclear. There are many hypotheses, considering cultural differences, economic disparity, political frustration, and clashing market systems. The concept of clashing market systems seems to best answer the question. The theory definitely finds globalization greatly contributes to international terrorism but is not itself the only cause. However, the theory should be further tested and researched to verify its worth.